旧约 - 利未记(Leviticus)第6章
"If anyone sins and is unfaithful to the LORD by deceiving his neighbor about something entrusted to him or left in his care or stolen, or if he cheats him, |
or if he finds lost property and lies about it, or if he swears falsely, or if he commits any such sin that people may do-- |
when he thus sins and becomes guilty, he must return what he has stolen or taken by extortion, or what was entrusted to him, or the lost property he found, |
or whatever it was he swore falsely about. He must make restitution in full, add a fifth of the value to it and give it all to the owner on the day he presents his guilt offering. |
And as a penalty he must bring to the priest, that is, to the LORD, his guilt offering, a ram from the flock, one without defect and of the proper value. |
In this way the priest will make atonement for him before the LORD, and he will be forgiven for any of these things he did that made him guilty." |
"Give Aaron and his sons this command: 'These are the regulations for the burnt offering: The burnt offering is to remain on the altar hearth throughout the night, till morning, and the fire must be kept burning on the altar. |
The priest shall then put on his linen clothes, with linen undergarments next to his body, and shall remove the ashes of the burnt offering that the fire has consumed on the altar and place them beside the altar. |
Then he is to take off these clothes and put on others, and carry the ashes outside the camp to a place that is ceremonially clean. |
The fire on the altar must be kept burning; it must not go out. Every morning the priest is to add firewood and arrange the burnt offering on the fire and burn the fat of the fellowship offerings on it. |
The fire must be kept burning on the altar continuously; it must not go out. |
"'These are the regulations for the grain offering: Aaron's sons are to bring it before the LORD, in front of the altar. |
The priest is to take a handful of fine flour and oil, together with all the incense on the grain offering, and burn the memorial portion on the altar as an aroma pleasing to the LORD. |
Aaron and his sons shall eat the rest of it, but it is to be eaten without yeast in a holy place; they are to eat it in the courtyard of the Tent of Meeting. |
It must not be baked with yeast; I have given it as their share of the offerings made to me by fire. Like the sin offering and the guilt offering, it is most holy. |
Any male descendant of Aaron may eat it. It is his regular share of the offerings made to the LORD by fire for the generations to come. Whatever touches them will become holy.'" |
The LORD also said to Moses, |
"This is the offering Aaron and his sons are to bring to the LORD on the day he is anointed: a tenth of an ephah of fine flour as a regular grain offering, half of it in the morning and half in the evening. |
Prepare it with oil on a griddle; bring it well-mixed and present the grain offering broken in pieces as an aroma pleasing to the LORD. |
The son who is to succeed him as anointed priest shall prepare it. It is the LORD'S regular share and is to be burned completely. |
Every grain offering of a priest shall be burned completely; it must not be eaten." |
"Say to Aaron and his sons: 'These are the regulations for the sin offering: The sin offering is to be slaughtered before the LORD in the place the burnt offering is slaughtered; it is most holy. |
The priest who offers it shall eat it; it is to be eaten in a holy place, in the courtyard of the Tent of Meeting. |
Whatever touches any of the flesh will become holy, and if any of the blood is spattered on a garment, you must wash it in a holy place. |
The clay pot the meat is cooked in must be broken; but if it is cooked in a bronze pot, the pot is to be scoured and rinsed with water. |
Any male in a priest's family may eat it; it is most holy. |
But any sin offering whose blood is brought into the Tent of Meeting to make atonement in the Holy Place must not be eaten; it must be burned. |
利未记第六章
第 6 章
利 6:1-7> 现代人是否太自我,常伤害了别人而不自知,甚至不当一回事呢?
6:1-7 从这段经文中看到,偷窃不仅是不告而取别人的财物,就连拾遗不报、不肯归还借用之物,或者在生意上以诡诈待人等,都是另类的偷窃方式。这不单单是得罪邻舍、陌生人,更是得罪神。如果你以欺诈的手段获得某些财物,就要向神认罪,向物主道歉,并将所偷的财物加上利息归还。
利 6:12-13> 祭坛上的火为何不可熄灭?我心中的圣火还在燃烧吗?
6:12-13 前一段的经文讲到百姓所当献上的祭物,这一段则讲到祭司献祭的方式。他要为以色列全族每早每晚献上燔祭(参出 29:38-43 )。坛上的圣火要不住地燃着,不可熄灭,因为这是神亲自点燃的。这代表神在献祭的过程中永远同在,这也告诉百姓,惟有神施恩眷顾,他们的献祭才蒙悦纳。神的圣火也在每个信徒的生命中燃烧,当圣灵进入我们心里时,祂点着这火,我们与祂同行,也就在祂的恩典中长进。认定神住在我们里面,能使你充满信心地到祂面前求赦免,与祂和好,使你的生命发出热忱与能力,为祂工作。──《灵修版圣经注释》
利 未 记
注释
五 14 至六 7 赎愆祭
在传统上,这祭 ( ’ašām ) 在许多译本中都称为赎愆祭。然而,所有血祭都有除罪的功效,而燔祭尤其能达致这功效。这部分所描述的祭之独特处,在于它有归还、赔偿的用意;人必须因霸占了别人的财产或在物质上犯了罪,而必须偿还。因此,一些学者称之为「赔偿祭」。像平安祭一样,它考虑到罪的横向影响。这些罪行使邻舍蒙受损失,敬拜者必须为这些事情作出补救,并且寻求神亲自的赦免。
此处也用了另一个希伯来文的罪字( ma‘al ),并且译作「过犯」(五 15 )和「干犯」(六 2 )。其意思是背信,因此切合此处列出的罪,即犯罪者因与祭司或邻舍相交时缺乏诚信。以下列出 3 类这方面的罪。
第一,「在圣物上」犯罪(五 14-16 )。圣物是指到神圣的财产,即任何献给神或为了祭司的供职和圣所而献的物件。那包括了所有的供献,因而也包括祭司从献祭者得到的食物,以及祭司的房屋和别的财产,以及众民应作的什一奉献(参利二十七)。因此,这以含糊的字眼所指出的过犯,可包括取去和吃了属于祭司的食物,或不能付上当付的供献和什一奉献(例如出三十 11-16 ;王下十二 16 )。所要求的是献上一头「公绵羊」,及按他所取用之对象的价值来「偿还」,并「另外加五分之一」。
第二种过犯(五 17-19 )用了更含糊的字眼来表达。根据上下文,那可能指任何与圣所、圣物或人有关的过犯。重点在于那人「不知道」,却感到「有罪」。若有人良心不安,怀疑自己干犯了圣物,但却不能具体确切地说出怎样违犯,他们可以献上赎愆祭,但却不用付上百分之一百二十的赔偿,他们可因得着赦罪的确证而心里有平安( 18 节)。
第三个类别(六 1-7 ),从圣物转移至一般人与人的关系,以及包括在产业上背信的罪。此处指出了 4 种情况(六 2-3 ):在受托的产业上行诡诈、抢夺人的财物、欺压邻舍,和捡获失物而说谎。出埃及记二十二章 7 至 15 节也谈及相类似的争执,在出埃及记中,所作出的赔偿是对象价值的双倍,而不是此处要求的另加五分之一。原因也许是出埃及记律法中所处理的个案是犯罪者已被带上法庭,并且有证据证明他犯了罪,而此处所处理的是人自愿认罪,并献上相应的祭物。此处较轻的刑罚能鼓励人自己坦白地招认,而不是等到被擒拿或指控并证实有罪。
我们可注意,人在献祭之前,必须先作出全数再加上五分之一的赔偿。人在向受损的一方作出弥补之前,决不能得到神的赦免。我们在处理一件过犯的纵向影响之前,应先顾及其横向的影响。本章一开始,已提到这种罪的两个层面:一个人欺骗了邻舍,也就是「干犯耶和华」(六 2 )。耶稣绝不是看见第一和第二个诫命之间的连系的第一个人(参利十九 13 、 18 ;太五 23 及其后经文、 43 及其后经文,十九 19 ;罗十三 8-10 ;加五 14 ;雅二 8 )。
这样,赎愆祭便完全了以色列人及其家庭要献上之祭的清单。我们应停下来思想一下其中所蕴含的象征意义。旧约中关乎罪的字汇包罗很广,正因为它要传达它对人类困境之了解的深度和多样性。 4 种血祭描绘了 4 种不同的罪,虽然它们显然是相关和重迭的,并且提供一些适切于那些不同层面的补救方法。燔祭看人的罪为在神面前实在的过犯,而这祭可用作主要的赎罪祭,它安抚神的愤怒,使这震怒不在罪人身上爆发,藉以提供救赎。平安祭认为罪使人与人之间的关系破裂,造成障碍,这祭强调重建关系和分享喜乐的需要和祝福,但在神方面仍提供救赎。赎罪祭看罪为污秽和污染,它无可避免地冒犯了圣洁之神的同在,因此这祭提供洁净和除罪的方法,以致神可继续住在其子民中间。赎愆祭看罪为一种过失或负债,人必须为此而偿还,因此,这祭要求人作出完全的赔偿,并要献祭。新约在各方面确定这些真理,并且在最后一只祭牲献在以色列人的祭坛上很久以后,这些真理仍然有着重大的神学价值。
六 8 至七 38 给祭司的指引
骤眼看来,这部分好像只是重复先前各章。然而,两部分的分别在开始的一句话可见:「你要吩咐亚伦和他的子孙」(六 9 )。其后是主要给祭司的指引,内容关乎他们在每一种献祭中的责任,以及他们在其中可享有的祭物。先前各章主要是给庶民的指引。
六 8-13 燔祭
此处记录了两件主要的事项。第一,主祭「坛上的火,要常常烧着,不可熄灭」。经文多次强调这一点( 9 、 12-13 节)。除了以色列人献上的燔祭外,圣经多次指出,祭司必须早晚献上燔祭(出二十九 38-42 )。晚上的燔祭是一日中最后的献祭,因此,当夜更的祭司要负责确保坛上有火常常烧着(比较代上九 33 ;诗一三四 1 )。
圣经没有指出这样做的原因,因此我们解释时必须十分小心。火必然与神的同在有关,两者都是一种有保护作用的指引(出十三 21 及其后经文),并且火也用来消灭罪和罪人(比较利十 1-3 )。因此,坛上要常常有火,可能暗指神永远的同在,或人不断需要赎罪和奉献生命,或同时指这两项。
第二,纵使执行清理灰烬等卑下的工作,当值的祭司也必须穿着合宜的衣服。那就是祭司所特有的「细麻布衣服」( 10 节)。但当他要把灰从祭坛「拿到营外」,他就必须换上平常的衣服( 11 节)。旧约律法一直关注要把神圣的和普通的划分清楚。关乎祭司和圣所之各项对象的独特性,不断用作实物教材,让以色列知道她作为一个圣洁的国度时,在世人中间的独特性。在一个使人难忘的象征性行动中,杰里迈亚指出,神一直希望把以色列穿在身上,像祭司的细麻布衣裳一样,好使祂显示自己的荣耀。然而,由于以色列人拜偶像,他们变得污秽,不能穿着(耶十三 1-11 )。一群与世人妥协的民,已失去了他们作祭司的使命,并且像杰里迈亚的腰带一样,对神已「完全无用」了。
六 14-23 素祭
所有祭司都可吃以色列民带来的素祭,但要在取出记念性的一把,烧在坛上之后,并且他们要在会幕的院子里吃。「是至圣的」意思是只可供祭司享用。赎罪祭和赎愆祭也有这特征(六 25 ;七 6 ),跟平安祭不同,因平安祭是供敬拜者与家人朋友分享的。祭司自受膏按立那天起( 20 节),便要天天献上素祭( 19-23 节),「要全烧给耶和华」,不可吃用。希伯来书作者把这祭对比于耶稣基督只一次最后的献上(来七 27 )。
六 24-30 赎罪祭